Bioenergy
M. Nowroozipour; R. Tabatabaei koloor; A. Motevali
Abstract
IntroductionThe world’s growing population has led to an inevitable increase in energy demand, and this, in addition to the depletion of non-renewable energy sources, can lead to several environmental issues. Wind power has proven to be a reliable and sustainable source of electricity, particularly ...
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IntroductionThe world’s growing population has led to an inevitable increase in energy demand, and this, in addition to the depletion of non-renewable energy sources, can lead to several environmental issues. Wind power has proven to be a reliable and sustainable source of electricity, particularly in light of the pressing need to mitigate environmental impact and promote the use of renewable energy. The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare the environmental effects of electricity production from two wind power plants, Aqkand and Kahak, using wind turbines with a capacity of 2.5 megawatts for a period of three different lifetimes (20, 25, and 30 years).Materials and MethodsThe present study investigates the environmental effects of electricity generation during the life cycle of wind farms (Kahak and Aqkand) during the construction and operation of these power plants and the cumulative exergy demand index. The specifications of the wind turbines used in the current research are: turbine capacity of 2.5 MW, rotor diameter of 103 meters, rotor weight of 56 tonnes, three blades, each blade is 50.3 meters long and weighs 34.8 tonnes. The turbines are manufactured by Mapna and used in dry conditions. A functional unit of one kilowatt of electricity was selected and the data were analyzed in SIMAPRO software using IMPACT2002+ method with 15 midpoint indicators and four final indicators.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the stage of raw materials and production has the highest impact on the creation of midpoint indicators, which is due to extraction, manufacturing, and production of parts such as steel casting using non-renewable energy and activities such as high-temperature welding. The total environmental index of Aqkand and Kahak wind power plants for 1 kWh of generated electricity was 5.84 and 4.45 μPt respectively, more than half of which belongs to the damage to human health category. The investigation of the ionizing radiation index showed that the use of diesel fuel in the installation phase resulted in the highest amount of emissions in both of the power plants, so the share of pollutant emissions in the raw materials and production phase is more than 40%, and in the installation phase due to diesel fuel consumption was more than 48%. The investigation of the eutrophication index showed that the raw materials and production stage accounted for more than 95% of the damage to the ecosystem quality category, and in the meantime, copper and electrical components had the highest amount of contribution to the raw materials and production stage. Additionally, diesel fuel accounted for the largest part of the result in the installation stage, and the transportation and maintenance stage included less than 1% of this result. The investigation of the renewable energy consumption index showed that the stage of raw materials and turbine production in the Aqkand power plant with a share of 68% and the Kahak power plant with a share of 70% had the greatest effect on the category of resource damage. Also, the installation and commissioning phase was the second most effective factor in the category of resource damage due to the use of diesel fuel. The study of the cumulative exergy demand index showed that non-renewable-fossil resources had the largest share in exergy demand (0.15 MJ) to produce one kilowatt of electricity generated from power plants.ConclusionIn this study, the results showed that in both plants, about 70% of various respiratory effects, 60% of human health issues, and 25% of acidification and global warming are caused in the raw materials and manufacturing phase. Furthermore, the installation phase is responsible for 17% and 16% of climate change in the Aqkand and Kahak power plants respectively, and between 14% and 26% of other environmental factors.
Design and Construction
V. Neisari fam; R. Tabatabaei koloor; A. Motevali
Abstract
IntroductionAlmonds (Prunus amygdalus) belongs to the family of Rosaceae and the subspecies of Pronoideae. Its kernel contains a lot of energy, amino acids, sugars and mineral elements. Iran is ranked fifth in terms of producing almonds after United States, Australia, Spain, and Morocco, but at the same ...
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IntroductionAlmonds (Prunus amygdalus) belongs to the family of Rosaceae and the subspecies of Pronoideae. Its kernel contains a lot of energy, amino acids, sugars and mineral elements. Iran is ranked fifth in terms of producing almonds after United States, Australia, Spain, and Morocco, but at the same time, Iran's position is not very suitable in the world export market. The processing of this product involves three stages of shell breaking, kernel separation, and packaging. One of the important methods of separation of the kernel from the wooden crust is the use of pneumatic separation and this method can be used to grade, clean, and separate the seeds of different materials.Materials and MethodsAlmond samples of the Shokofeh variety (A.H.3) were obtained from Maragheh gardens in East Azarbaijan province. The moisture content of the shell, the kernel, and mixture of them was determined using the oven drying method. Also, some physical and mechanical properties were measured. In order to design the almond separator system, it is important to determine aerodynamic properties. The most important aerodynamic properties such as terminal velocity and drag force were determined. The first step in designing and manufacturing a device is to select the cross-sectional shape and dimension. The cross-section of the machine is selected based on parameters such as simplicity and construction costs. With the assumption of a machine with a separation capacity of 2 kg (mixed product) per minute, the length and the width of the machine were obtained to be 18 cm and 15 cm. Using the terminal velocity and dimensional data, the blower distance to the outlet, the tunnel length, the power and flow rate of the blower were calculated and then the design and construction were done. To evaluate the separation and evaluation of the apparatus, parameters such as blower speed, shell size, and moisture content of the mixture were investigated for each parameter at three levels. Airflow rates of the wind tunnel were 3, 5, and 7 m s-1, moisture content (7%, 13%, and 19%), shell size in three groups: small, medium, and large.Results and DiscussionThe average geometric properties including length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, and spherical coefficient for almonds were 20.64, 13.25, 7.4, 12.64 mm, and 0.612, respectively, as well as properties for large shells (25.17, 16.5, 11.15, 16.66 mm, and 0.66), for average size (17.36, 13.5, 6.4, 11.44 mm, and 0.65) and fine size (13, 9.9, 3.5, 7.66 mm, and 0.59), respectively. The mechanical properties of the samples (shell and almond kernel) were measured at three levels of moisture content of 7%, 13%, and 19%. The results showed that by increasing the moisture content, the fracture force for both shell and kernel increases. Almond shell had the highest angle of rotation at all levels of moisture. This was due to its heterogeneous shape, broken edges and rough surface. On the other hand, almonds had the lowest degree of rotation, due to the greater weight of the kernel and the more homogeneous and spherical shape than the shell. The results obtained from measuring the terminal velocity of the samples selected from the kernel and shell in terms of their weight indicated that the velocity limit for the almonds was 10.2-12.2 m s-1 and for the shell, the range was 1.8-6 m s-1. The variance analysis of the effect of particle size, velocity, and moisture parameters on the level of separation of shell in almond mixture showed that all major effects and interactions of factors were significant at 1% probability level. Particle size and moisture content did not affect the separation rate at 7 m s-1. With decreasing velocity, the separation rate in the particle size was reduced, which was due to the higher speed of the separation rate. At low velocity, the best separation was related to the fine particle size, which was due to the harmonization of the fine particle velocity and the separation rate.ConclusionPneumatic separation of almond kernel and shell was affected by air velocity, particle size and moisture content. As the flow rate increases, the amount of shell separation from the kernel increases. Particle size and moisture content did not affect the separation rate at 7 m s-1. The results at medium moisture content indicated that in addition to the acceptable separation level (relative to other moisture levels) at this level (13%), the harvesting time of this product can be managed and the use of additional energy in the processing of this product is prevented.
Design and Construction
R. Hadipour Rokni; A. Rezaei Asl; R. Tabatabaei koloor
Abstract
Introduction In most small and medium-size traditional animal farms, silage corn is chopped manually. In order to prepare appropriate chopper for small animal production firms, a small electrical powered chopper was designed and developed. Materials and Methods The machine consisted of different parts, ...
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Introduction In most small and medium-size traditional animal farms, silage corn is chopped manually. In order to prepare appropriate chopper for small animal production firms, a small electrical powered chopper was designed and developed. Materials and Methods The machine consisted of different parts, including chassis, driveline, power transmission, feeding and cutting unit. To provide the power for cutting cylinder and feeding rollers, 3.7 kW and 1.5 kW electro-motors were selected and used, respectively. Power was transferred from electro-motors to the cutting cylinder and feeding rollers by pulley and belts. Feeding entrance area was 62.5 cm2with theoretical capacity of 1.13 kgs-1 and feeding unit power consumption of 0.97 kW. The main parts of feeding and cutting units were analyzed by ANSYS Software. Silage corn was provided at harvest time from the Dashte-Naz, Sari province, and transported to laboratory, immediately. The effect of cutting blades speed (400, 550 and 700 RPM) and feed rollers speed (350, 400 and 450 RPM) on the chopper performance (cutting and feeding energy consumption, chopped corn length and machine capacity) were investigated. The results then analyzed using completely randomized design in triplicates. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance showed that the speed of cutting blades, speed of feeding rollers and their interactions had significant effect on the energy consumption of cutting blades and machine capacity. The effect of speed of feeding rollers was significant on the energy consumption of feeding rollers at 1% level of significance. Also, The effect of speed of chopping blades, speed of feeding rollers and their interactions were significant on the length of chopped corn. Machine capacity increased by increasing in speed of chopping blades from 400 to 550 RPM and decreased by increasing from 550 to 700 RPM. Increasing in the speed of the blades at the moment of impact, caused to effectively cut the stem fibers before being compressed or bent. Increasing the speed beyond 550 RPM provided insufficient time for stem movement toward the blades and therefore, machine capacity decreased. By increasing the speed of feeding rollers, the consumed energy by cutting blades decreased and the energy consumption of feeding rollers, the length of chopped corn and the machine capacity increased. Since the machine capacity is depending on time, increasing in feeding rollers speed, decreased the time for chopping the feed stems resulted decreasing in machine capacity. Also, results depicted that the interaction between speed of cutting blades and feeding rollers had meaningful effect on the consumed energy by cutting blades. The maximum energy consumption was at the blade speed of 700 RPM and the feeding rollers speed of 350 RPM, and the minimum energy consumption was at the blade speed of 400 RPM and feeding rollers speed of 450 RPM. The maximum and minimum length of chopped corns was obtained at the blade speed of 400 RPM and 700 RPM, respectively and correspondingly at the rollers speed of 450 RPM and 350 RPM, respectively. The maximum capacity of the machine was obtained at the blade speed of 550 RPM and rollers speed of 450 RPM. Conclusion Since the length of the chopped corn for animal feeding is 20-30 mm, the optimum speed of cutting blades, minimum energy consumption and maximum machine capacity was obtained as 550 RPM and the optimum speed of feeding rollers was at 400 RPM. For feeding high yielding dairy cows, goats and sheeps that need smaller sized forage, it recommended that feeding rollers speed to be adjusted at 350 RPM. At the same speed, the mean length of chopped corn was 8-19 mm.
R. Tabatabaei koloor; A. Kolouri; S. J. Hashemi; R. Hadipour Rokni
Abstract
Apple fruits are subjected to different loading from harvesting to supermarket shelf. Bruising has been attracted many researchers as one of the most important damage criteria. In this research, the effects of some factors such as contact surface material, drop height and linear velocity of apples were ...
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Apple fruits are subjected to different loading from harvesting to supermarket shelf. Bruising has been attracted many researchers as one of the most important damage criteria. In this research, the effects of some factors such as contact surface material, drop height and linear velocity of apples were investigated. Influence of these factors on bruising of “Golden Delicious” variety was analyzed by a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial test at three level of drop height (10, 20 and 30 cm), linear velocity (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 ms-1) and four contact surface (wooden, steel, plastic and cardboard). Tests were conducted at three replications with 108 treatments. Analysis of variance results showed that the effects of drop height and contact surface material on bruising area at 1% level was significant while bruising volume only affected by contact surface material (meaningful difference at 1% level). Mean comparison test indicated that there significant difference between levels of drop height on the bruise area. Also, there was a meaningful difference between contact surface of cardboard with steel, wood and plastic. There was a significant difference between surface materials of steel and wooden with cardboard and plastic. Therefore, drop height and contact surface material must be considered in designing the apple processing systems.
R. Tabatabaei koloor; Gh. Kiani
Abstract
In recent years using rototillers in orchards and small fields especially in northern areas of Iran has been increased. In this study, a multi-function rototiller was developed and its performance was analyzed and evaluated in the field conditions. The specifications of this machine were determined according ...
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In recent years using rototillers in orchards and small fields especially in northern areas of Iran has been increased. In this study, a multi-function rototiller was developed and its performance was analyzed and evaluated in the field conditions. The specifications of this machine were determined according to the standard and operational situation. The calculations were performed for determining the rotor speed at different gears and then power transmission system was designed. Theoretical analysis was conducted to investigate the machine forward speed and blade rotational speed on the quality of rototilling operation. Results indicated that the forward speed and blade rotational speed affected the thickness of soil cut layer and soil crushing rate. Field tests were performed to determine the thickness of soil cut layer and soil crushing rate for orchard and paddy field conditions. In addition, some physical properties of soil such as composition, moisture content, weeding height, and DENSITY at 15 cm depth were measured. Data analysis was performed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial test 3×3 at three replications. Duncan test presented the best combinations of forward speed and blade rotational speed for thickness of soil cut layer were 0.4 ms-1 and 50 rpm, respectively. Also, the best combinations of these two factors for soil crushing rate lower than 40 mm were 0.2 ms-1 and 110 rpm, between 40-80 mm; 0.3 ms-1 and 50 rpm and higher than 80 mm; 0.4 ms-1 and 50 rpm, respectively.
