M. R. Zarezadeh; M. Aboonajmi; M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti; F. Azarikia
Abstract
IntroductionExtra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) is one of the most common and popular edible oils which is an important part of the Mediterranean diet. It is a rich source of sterol, phenol compounds and vitamins A and E. EVOO has useful effects on human body and significant reduction of cardiovascular diseases ...
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IntroductionExtra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) is one of the most common and popular edible oils which is an important part of the Mediterranean diet. It is a rich source of sterol, phenol compounds and vitamins A and E. EVOO has useful effects on human body and significant reduction of cardiovascular diseases due to these benefits, EVOO is expensive so unfortunately adulteration in EVOO by mixing it with other cheap and low cost and low value oils such as canola, sunflower, palm and etc. is very common. Adulteration leads to health and financial losses and sometimes cause serious illness. Olive oil has various quality levels which depend on different factors such as olive cultivar, storage, oil extracting process etc.Materials and MethodsThere are numerous food quality evaluation and adulteration detection approaches which include destructive and non-destructive methods. Control sample (EVOO) was applied from "DANZEH food industry", Lowshan, Gilan Province. For ensuring that control sample is extra virgin, a sample was tested in "Rahpooyan e danesh koolak Lab." Tehran, Iran; according to "Institute of standards and industrial research of Iran" ISIRI number: 4091 and INSO 13126-2. Eight semi-conductor gas sensors "FIS, MQ3, MQ3, MQ4, MQ8, MQ135, MQ136, TGS136, TGS813 AND TGS822" applied in used olfaction machine. In this study there were 6 treatments: 1- Pure EVOO, 2- EVOO with 5% adulteration, 3- EVOO with 10% adulteration, 4- EVOO with 20% adulteration, 5- EVOO with 35% adulteration and 6- EVOO with 50% adulteration. Adulteration created with ordinary frying oil (including sunflower, canola, and maize oils). Each treatment prepared in seven samples and each sample test was repeated seven times. In this study, olfaction machine, a non-destructive, simple and user friendly System applied. As mentioned, the olfaction machine includes eight different sensors, so each test has eight graphs. Four features (1- Sensor output (mV) in start of odor pulse (refer to fig. 3) 2- Sensor output at the end of odor pulse 3- Average of sensor output during odor pulse and 4- Difference of sensor output at the end and start of start of odor pulse); So 32 features extracted and analyzed and finally effective sensors reported.Results and DiscussionHistogram and box plot of raw data showed that the data are not normal and need some preprocessing operations. Preprocessing facilitates data analyzing and classifying extracted features. After preprocessing, the standard data, divided into two classes: train data (70%) and test data (30%). Data classified with 4 different classifier models which include: K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, artificial neural network and Ada-boost. Results showed that KNN method, with 89.89% and SVM with 86.52% classified with higher accuracy. Similarly, the confusion matrix showed the reasonable results of classifying operation. Also, three effective sensors in classifying determined TGS2620, MQ5 and MQ4 respectively, and on the other side, sensors such as MQ3 and MQ8 have the minimum effect on classifying so it is possible to remove these sensors from the sensor array without effective impress on results. This may cause decrease in the olfaction machine price and reduce analyzing time.ConclusionDue to increasing adulteration in foods, especially in olive oil and its significant effects on people's health and financial losses, a simple, cheap and non-destructive quality evaluation extended. Results showed that the olfaction machine with metal oxide semiconductor (especially including TGS 2620, MQ5 and MQ4 sensors) can use for classification and adulteration detection of extra virgin olive oil. Evaluation of this system's output leads to higher classification accuracy by using KNN and SVM method for olive oil classification and also fraud detection (5% adulteration).
M. R. Arjomandi; M. Aboonajmi; Gh. R. Chegini
Abstract
Introduction Preserving food products has been much regarded due to the population growth and food scarcity. Drying food is one of the methods of preventing the waste of food products. Spray drying for which products that are initially in the liquid phase is the most suitable method of drying the moisture. ...
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Introduction Preserving food products has been much regarded due to the population growth and food scarcity. Drying food is one of the methods of preventing the waste of food products. Spray drying for which products that are initially in the liquid phase is the most suitable method of drying the moisture. In this method, the solution is turned into particles and droplets via mechanism and synchronous collision with the hot air that enters the drying case. Moisture content is one important aspect of the food powder which is associated with an increase of adhesion. The particles size is an important feature of the product due to its effect on the product appearance, solubility, and powder fluidity. Materials and Methods In this study for producing tomato powder, 10 kg of tomato available in the market which was not good and did not have a good appearance but suitable for juicing was supplied. A meat grinder was used for juicing. Tomato juice was filtered to become pure. Tomato juice was put in the 1.5 lit bottles and was kept in the refrigerator for experiments. To spray the tomato juice, an ultrasonic nozzle with 20 kHz frequency was used. Energy sources (TOPSONICS 400W, 20 kHz) was used to provide the atomizer power with adjustable power from 0 to 400 W. In this study a hot-plate spray dryer was used to change the tomato juice into powder. An oven was used to measure the tomato powder moisture content. 0.5 g of tomato powder was weighed and was put in the oven with 70°C for 24 hours to be dried to lose moisture. To measure the size of the particles the analysis of two-dimensional images was used. The photos were taken with optical microscope OLYMPUS CX21equipped with a digital camera- SONY DSC-HX1. To illustrate the photos, the Digimizer software was applied. SAS software was used for further statistical analysis. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance results indicated that the effect of the studied parameters was significant on the average of the particles size except for dryer plates temperature (p < 0.01) and on the moisture content (p < 0.01). The mean comparison of these effects was done via LSD method. The effect of the temperature on the particle size was insignificant. The reason for this result is due to particles size that is an external parameter and is much related to the ultrasonic nozzle features. The reciprocal dual the flow rate in the generator power on the particles size was significant (p < 0.05). The results analysis of the mean comparison indicated that particle size average of flow rate 13 ml min-1 is smaller than the flow rate 15 and 17 ml min-1. The least particles size mean is related to the samples which have been produced with 25 watts power as it has the significant difference with 37.5 and 50 watts. The least particle size average produced with 25 watts power and the flow rate of 13 ml min-1 and 13.8 micrometers was obtained. Results of the means comparison indicated that the moisture content of the samples with 25 watts of power produced less moisture content which was significant (p < 0.01). Moisture content is strongly related to the particle size and it makes the water transfer difficult and moisture content of the samples which is produced in this power is less. Thus, when the sonication power increases, the moisture content increases too. The samples which were produced in flow rate 13 ml min-1 showed less moisture content than other flow rate levels. Results showed increasing temperature caused decreasing moisture content of the samples. This is because the exchange heat between the powders and the environment has been increased and more moisture was lost therefore, the moisture content decreases. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the parameters such as ultrasoud power, flow rate, and the dryer plates temperature on the physical properties of tomato powder like the particles size average and moisture content were significant (p < 0.01) except for dryer plates temperature on the particle size. The results indicated that the particles size average in the samples with the flow rate 13 ml.min-1 and 25 watts’ power has been produced which has a significant difference (p < 0.01). Likewise, the least moisture content of the samples with temperature 150°C of the dryer plates and 25 watts power and flow rate 13 mL min-1 was obtained with a significant difference. It can generally be claimed that the tomato powder which has been produced with 25 watts’ power sonication and flow rate 13 ml.min-1 has the best quality regarding the size and moisture content. Considering the importance of drying the food products which are in a liquid form the effects of these parameters on the value preservation and qualitative nutritional properties can be investigated within the processes of drying, and the results can be applied before drying.
Design and Construction
M. Zamani; M. Aboonajmi; S. R. Hassan Beigi Bidgoli
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the ways used for minimizing the cost of maintenance and repairs of rotating industrial equipment is condition monitoring using acoustic analysis. One of the most important problems which always have been under consideration in industrial equipment application is confidence possibility. ...
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IntroductionOne of the ways used for minimizing the cost of maintenance and repairs of rotating industrial equipment is condition monitoring using acoustic analysis. One of the most important problems which always have been under consideration in industrial equipment application is confidence possibility. Each dynamic, electrical, hydraulic or thermal system has certain characteristics which show the normal condition of the machine during function. Any changes of the characteristics can be a signal of a problem in the machine. The aim of condition monitoring is system condition determination using measurements of the signals of characteristics and using this information for system impairment prognostication. There are a lot of ways for condition monitoring of different systems, but sound analysis is accepted and used extensively as a method for condition investigation of rotating machines. The aim of this research is the design and construction of considered gearbox and using of obtaining data in frequency and time spectrum in order to analyze the sound and diagnosis.Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted at the department of mechanical biosystem workshop at Aboureihan College at Tehran University in February 15th.2015. In this research, in order to investigate the trend of diagnosis and gearbox condition, a system was designed and then constructed. The sound of correct and damaged gearbox was investigated by audiometer and stored in computer for data analysis. Sound measurement was done in three pinions speed of 749, 1050 and 1496 rpm and for correct gearboxes, damage of the fracture of a tooth and a tooth wear.Gearbox design and construction: In order to conduct the research, a gearbox with simple gearwheels was designed according to current needs. Then mentioned gearbox and its accessories were modeled in CATIA V5-R20 software and then the system was constructed.Gearbox is a machine that is used for mechanical power transition from a productive source of power to a consumer, for torque meeting and for rotating speed needed for the consumer. In fact, gearbox is an interfere between power source and power consumer which produces a flexible communication between power source and power consumer. Needing to a gearbox as a machine which can generate harmony as an interface is unavoidable due to lack of harmony of torque and rotating speed of production source of power. So necessary calculations in order to attain to technical characteristics of gearwheels, bearings, shaft dimensions and other accessories of gearbox were done. This gearbox is from kinds of simple gearwheel which its input and output shaft are parallel to each other. Main accessories of gearbox are: 1.crust 2.shaft 3.gearwheel 4.thorn 5.bearing 6.cover. All of the design parameters were calculated and considered in designing of all of the accessories of gearbox.Electromotor rotating calibration: For this aim, a light-contact telemeter in model of Lutron was used as contact.Acoustic module of electro motor: A module was constructed in order to prevent from sound waves interaction resulting from an electromotor function with waves of gearbox function. Three layers of sound absorbent including common felt with 1mm width, polyethylene foam with 15 mm width and shoulder foam egg with 35 mm width were used for the module insulation. Material used for the body of this module was MDF. Based on field measurement, level of electromotor sound decrement using the acoustic module was 20dB. Investigated malfunctions in this research are relevant to gearwheel with one tooth fracture, one worn tooth and one tooth fracture and other worn tooth.Collection and storage of acoustic data: In this research, an audiometer in model of HT-157 made in Italy in order to obtain acoustic data and a laptop with a model of Lenovo-G550 for data storage and processing was used. Cool Edit Pro 2.0 software was used for data processing. Data storage was in PCM format and MATLAB R2014a software used for data processing.Data processing: Signal processing method in the frequency domain is used in order to reveal the defects. Fast Fourier Transform: Fast Fourier Transform FFT for application in electronic equipment specially analyzers have great importance. In this condition, sampling number is chosen exponentially as 2N which decreases the calculation volume significantly. Determination of defect kind of gearwheel using frequency spectrum analysis: In mentioned gearwheel, errors were generated synthetically. Defect kind of these errors was generated in separate gearwheels in order to investigate the defects more precisely and a gearwheel was considered as control gearwheel. Despite of this, the sound of all of the gearwheels in correct condition was stored. Results and DiscussionComparison of processed acoustic signals from gearwheels of gearbox in two correct and incorrect conditions was indicative of gearwheel involvement, frequency, their harmony and the changes resulted from defects. Gearwheel defect detection tests showed that at the speeds of 1496, 1050 and 749 rpm, investigated defects are recognizable with a comparison of the frequency spectrum of obtained signals in correct and incorrect conditions and according to the involvement frequency of gearwheel, its harmony and sided spectrum. Results of the frequency spectrum of signal analysis in speed of 1496 rpm pinion showed the defect of one tooth fracture in involvement frequency of gearwheels by 489, 350 and 249 Hz respectively which became apparent with a mentioned frequency domain increment. A worn tooth defect in a gearwheel was completely determinable as sided bands with equal distance around gearwheel involvement frequency in the signal frequency determination of the speeds of 1496 and 105 rpm pinion, but became a bit harder in less speeds. Investigation of frequency spectrum of acoustic signal resulted from gearwheel, is indicative of the ability of this method in gearbox condition investigation with high precision and minimum time. So the gearbox condition investigation is reached by investigation of the frequency spectrum of acoustic signal resulted from gearwheel.ConclusionsIn current research, acquisitive signals resulted from produced sound waves of constructed gearwheel were used for investigation and diagnosis. Recorded signal in time domain and processed frequency and exploited characteristics of signal in frequency domain for diagnosis were analyzed. Obtained results of this research can be summarized as follow:1. Precision level in the diagnosis decreased by increasing in pinion speed.2. There will be a decrement in gearwheel diagnosis after defects integration and signal behavior won’t be completely similar to the defect as individual. 3. Proper placement of audiometer is effective in diagnosis trend.4. In frequency spectrum of obtained signals, particle velocity level is more efficient in diagnosis than the sound pressure level.
