Post-harvest technologies
Z. Zangene Wandi; H. Javadikia; N. Aghili Nategh; L. Naderloo
Abstract
IntroductionThe use of corn oil in diets is due to its positive effects on cardiovascular and immune systems. Corn oil is composed of 99% triacylglycerol, with 59% unsaturated fatty acids and 13% saturated fatty acids. Of the unsaturated fatty acids, 24% contain a double bond. Because of this composition, ...
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IntroductionThe use of corn oil in diets is due to its positive effects on cardiovascular and immune systems. Corn oil is composed of 99% triacylglycerol, with 59% unsaturated fatty acids and 13% saturated fatty acids. Of the unsaturated fatty acids, 24% contain a double bond. Because of this composition, corn oil can be a good alternative to other oils high in saturated fatty acids, as it reduces blood cholesterol levels.This study employed an electrical nasal system to detect the amount of palm oil present in corn oil. The properties extracted from the signals obtained by the device were processed using principal component analysis, artificial neural networks, infusion, and response surface methods. The results were then compared to find the best method for detecting palm oil levels in corn oil.Materials and Methods The required palm oil was obtained from the Nazgol Oil Agro-industrial Plant, while the corn oil was obtained from natural lubrication centers. To prepare samples with different percentages of palm oil, 75 grams of palm oil and corn oil with the specified percentages were mixed and stored in special containers.In the electrical nose system, ten metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOS) were used to collect output data. Pre-processing operations were performed on this data using RSM, ANFIS, PCA, and ANN methods to estimate the percentage of palm oil in corn oil. The Unscrambler V.9 software, Design Expert 8.07.1, and MATLAB R2013a were used to analyze the results.Results and DiscussionBased on the Score plot, PC-1 and PC-2 explain 53% and 25%, respectively, describing the variance between samples for a total of 78 data points. The analysis indicates that sensors 7 and 8 have minimal impact on the detection process and can be removed from the sensor array. When reducing the cost of the olfactory system's sensor array, sensor 6 plays a more significant role than other sensors in detecting corn oil with palm composition.According to the loading diagram of palm percentage in corn oil, the MQ6 sensor had the least effect in classifying different percentages of palm in corn oil and pattern identification. Out of all functional parameters (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity), the RSM method is deemed more appropriate for determining the percentage of palm in corn oil.Regarding the separation of corn oil and palm oil by ANFIS, RSM, and ANN, the results in Table 3-1 indicate that the RSM method is better suited for classifying corn and palm oil.Conclusion In this study, we used an electronic multi-sensor system based on metal oxide sensors to analyze various aromatic compounds in different oil and palm samples and to detect the presence of palm. The system provided comparable information for classifying different samples of palm oils. Using PCA, ANN, ANFIS, and RSM methods, we evaluated the system's performance in differentiating and classifying various oil and palm samples.The results obtained from the loading diagrams for the detection of palm in corn oil indicated that the MQ6 sensor had the least impact on the detection process. Therefore, this sensor can be removed from the sensor array.Additionally, our analysis showed that using the RSM method is more effective in detecting different percentages of palm in corn oil. Overall, our study demonstrates the efficacy of the electronic multi-sensor system in analyzing different oil and palm samples and detecting the presence of palm.
S. Sabzi; Y. Abbaspour Gilandeh; H. Javadikia
Abstract
Introduction With increase in world population, one of the approaches to provide food is using site-specific management system or so-called precision farming. In this management system, management of crop production inputs such as fertilizers, lime, herbicides, seed, etc. is done based on farm location ...
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Introduction With increase in world population, one of the approaches to provide food is using site-specific management system or so-called precision farming. In this management system, management of crop production inputs such as fertilizers, lime, herbicides, seed, etc. is done based on farm location features, with the aim of reducing waste, increasing revenues and maintaining environmental quality. Precision farming involves various aspects and is applicable on farm fields at all stages of tillage, planting, and harvesting. Today, in line with precision farming purposes, and to control weeds, pests, and diseases, all the efforts of specialists in precision farming is to reduce the amount of chemical substances in products. Although herbicides improve the quality and quantity of agricultural production, the possibility of applying inappropriately and unreasonably is very high. If the dose is too low, weed control is not performed correctly. Otherwise, If the dosage is too high, herbicides can be toxic for crops, can be transferred to soil and stay in it for a long time, and can penetrate to groundwater. By applying herbicides to variable rate, the potential for significant cost savings and reduced environmental damage to the products and environment will be possible. It is evident that in large-scale modern agriculture, individual management of each plant without using some advanced technologies is not possible. using machine vision systems is one of precision farming techniques to identify weeds. This study aimed to detect three plant such as Centaurea depressa M.B, Malvaneglecta and Potato plant using machine vision system. Materials and Methods In order to train algorithm of designed machine vision system, a platform that moved with the speed of 10.34 was used for shooting of Marfona potato fields. This platform was consisted of a chassis, camera (DFK23GM021,CMOS, 120 f/s, Made in Germany), and a processor system equipped with Matlab 2015 version. The video camera was installed in 60-centimeter height above the ground level. Therefore, all plants in the camera field of view (whether on the crops row or between the rows) were analyzed. This study conducted on 4 hectares of potato fields in Kermanshah–Iran (longitude: 7.03 E; latitude: 4.22 N). The most suitable color space for segmentation plants was HSV color space and most suitable channel of applying threshold was the H channel. In this study, features in two areas of color features, texture features based on gray co-occurrence matrix were extracted. Ultimately, 126 color features and 80 texture features were extracted from each object. In final six features among 206 features were selected. Results and Discussion Among 206 extracted features, six effective features including the additional second component of the YCbCr color space, green index minus blue in RGB color space, sum entropy in the neighborhood of 45 degree, diagonal moment in the neighborhood of 0 degree, entropy in the neighborhood of 45 degree, additional third component index in CMY color space were selected using hybrid ANN-PSO. This means that, two set features have the same effect over plants. The result shows that hybrid ANN-SAGA classified Centaurea depressa M.B, Malvaneglecta and Potato plant with 99.61% accuracy. This accuracy is high and this meant that 1. These plants have different 6 selected features, 2. The classifier is very powerful to classify. Conclusion 1. Plants with similar features make the classification process complicated and less accurate. 2. The presence of shadow on the plants’ leaves reduces the accuracy of the classification.
A. Safrangian; L. Naderloo; H. Javadikia; M. Mostafaei; S. S. Mohtasebi
Abstract
Introduction Vibrations include a wide range of engineering sciences and discuss from different aspects. One of the aspects is related to various types of engines vibrations, which are often used as power sources in agriculture. The created vibrations can cause lack of comfort and reduce effective work ...
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Introduction Vibrations include a wide range of engineering sciences and discuss from different aspects. One of the aspects is related to various types of engines vibrations, which are often used as power sources in agriculture. The created vibrations can cause lack of comfort and reduce effective work and have bad influence on the health and safety. One of the important parameters of the diesel engine that has the ability to create vibration and knocking is the type of fuel. In this study, the effects of different blends of biodiesel, bioethanol and diesel on the engine vibration were investigated. As a result, a blend of fuels such as synthetic fuel that creates less vibration engine can be identified and introduced. Materials and Methods In this study, canola oil and methanol alcohol with purity of 99.99% and the molar ratio of 6:1 and sodium hydroxide catalyst with 1% by weight of oil were used for biodiesel production. Reactor configurations include: maintaining the temperature at 50 ° C, the reaction time of 5 minutes and the intensity of mixing (8000 rpm), and pump flow, 0.83 liters per minute. A Massey Ferguson (MF) 285 tractor with single differential (2WD), built in 2012 at Tractor factory of Iran was used for the experiment. To measure the engine vibration signals, an oscillator with model of VM120 British MONITRAN was used. Vibration signals were measured at three levels of engine speed (2000, 1600, 1000 rpm) in three directions (X, Y, Z). The analysis performed by two methods in this study: statistical data analysis and data analysis using Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Statistical analysis of data: a factorial experiment of 10×3 based on completely randomized design with three replications was used in each direction of X, Y and Z that conducted separately. Data were compiled and analyzed by SPSS 19 software. Ten levels of fuel were including of biodiesel (5, 15 and 25%) and bioethanol (2, 4 and 6%), and diesel fuel. Data analysis by ANFIS: ANFIS is the combination of fuzzy systems and artificial neural network so that it has both benefits. This system is useful to solve the complex non-linear problems in agricultural engineering applications such as systems involved in the soil, plant and air. ANFIS by linguistic concepts can establish and inference non-linear relationship between inputs and outputs. In this research, modeling was generally performed by Toolbox of ANFIS and coding in MATLAB too. Five important and effective factors in modeling were optimized until the best ANFIS model is obtained. The five factors were: type of input fuzzy sets, the number of input fuzzy sets, fuzzy set of output, methods of optimization and the number of epochs. Results and Discussion Based on the total vibration acceleration values for different fuels in different rpm, pure diesel (B5E4D91) had the highest vibration and the lowest vibration was seen in the mixed fuel of B25E4D71. Based on the results, two combined fuel of (B25E2D73, B25E4D71) have the lowest vibration and highest amount of biodiesel fuel (25%). After them, three combined fuels of (B5E2D83, B5E4D81, and B5E6D79) have created more vibration and the lowest amount of biodiesel fuel in this study (5%) has created the greatest amount of vibration. With increasing engine speed, the number of combustion courses and piston shock per unit of time increases. As a result, the engine body vibration increases. The results are consistent with results from other researchers. Conclusion In this study, motor vibration of MF285 tractors, by replacing a portion of diesel fuel with biodiesel produced from canola oil and bioethanol, was investigated. In the beginning, necessary biodiesel fuel was produced by research reactor in biodiesel workshop, and then different percentages of diesel and bio-ethanol were mixed to biodiesel and ten combined fuels were created. Finally the effect of different fuel combinations and different engine rotational speeds on the tractor engine vibrations was studied based on a factorial randomized complete block design and then analyzed and modeled by ANFIS. The results showed that the vibration of pure diesel fuel had the highest vibration. Also, with increasing biodiesel fuel blends, the amount of vibration reduced significantly. Increase in engine speed had direct effect on increasing the amount of vibration. Also by increasing the percent of bioethanol from 0 to 4%, the amount of vibration was reduced then vibration value increased by raising the percent of bioethanol. After modeling and analyzing, our results showed that the best fuel in terms of having the lowest vibration motor was B25E4D71.
H. Javadikia; Y. Nosrati; M. Mostafaei; L. Naderloo; M. Tabatabaei
Abstract
Introduction Biofuels are considered as one of the largest sources of renewable fuels or replacement of fossil fuels. Combustion of plant-based fuels is the indirect use of solar energy. Biofuels significantly have less pollution than other fossil fuels and can easily generate from residual plant material. ...
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Introduction Biofuels are considered as one of the largest sources of renewable fuels or replacement of fossil fuels. Combustion of plant-based fuels is the indirect use of solar energy. Biofuels significantly have less pollution than other fossil fuels and can easily generate from residual plant material. Waste and residues of foods and wastewater can also be a good source for biofuel production. Transesterification method (one of biodiesel production methods) is the most common forms to produce mono-alkyl esters from vegetable oil and animal fats. The procedure aims are reduction the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. In this study, the method of transesterification with alkaline catalysts is used that it is the most common and most commercial biodiesel production method. In this study, configurations of made hydrodynamic cavitation reactor were studied to measure biodiesel fuel quality and enhanced device performance with optimum condition. The Design Expert software and response surface methodology were used to get this purpose. Materials and Methods Transesterification method was used in this study. The procedure aims were reduction of the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. Materials needed in the production of biodiesel transesterification method include: vegetable oil, alcohol and catalysts. The used oil in the production of biodiesel was sunflower oil, which was used 0.6 liters per each test in the production process base on titration method. Methanol with purity of 99.8 percent and the molar ratio of 6:1 to oil was used based on titration equation and according to the results of other researchers. The used catalyst in continuous production process was high-purity sodium hydroxide (99%) that it is one of alkaline catalysts. Weight of hydroxide was 1% of the used oil weight in the reaction. Response surface methodology: Three important settings of reactor were considered to optimize reactor performance, which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. Each set was considered at three levels. The factorial design was used to the analysis without any repeat, there will be 27 situations that because of the cost of analysis per sample by GC, practically not possible to do it. Therefore, response surface methodology was used by Design Expert software. In the other words, after defining the number of variables and their boundaries, software determined the number of necessary tests and the value of the relevant variables. Results and Discussion Three parameters include the inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system were considered as input variables and performance of reactor as outcome in analyzing of extracted data from the reactor and GC by Design Expert software. The results of tests and optimization by software indicated that in 3.51 minutes as retention time of the raw material of biodiesel fuel in the system, the method of transesterification reaction had more than 88% Methyl ester and this represents an improvement in reaction time of biodiesel production. This method has very low retention time rather than biodiesel fuel production in conventional batch reactors that it takes 20 minutes to more than one hour. Conclusion According to the researches, efficiency of biodiesel fuel production in hydrodynamic cavitation reactors is higher than ultrasonic reactors so in this study, the settings of hydrodynamic reactor were investigated so that the settings were optimized in production of biodiesel fuel. Sunflower oil was used in this research. The molar ratio of Methanol to oil was 6 to 1 and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was used. Three important settings of reactor were considered which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. The results were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that at 8447 rpm of reactor speed, inlet flow of reactor at 0.86 liters per minute and 1.02 minute of circulation time, the best performance of reactor were created. The flash point, kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesel in this study were 172 °C, 2.4 square millimeters per second and 861 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Maximum and minimum performances of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor in biodiesel production were 6.19 and 1.13 mg kJ-1, respectively.
