Sh. Nowrouzieh
Abstract
IntroductionCotton, as one of the most widely used products in various industries, has always been considered by leading countries in agriculture. The applications of this plant range from the food industry to the military industry, as well as the textile and animal nutrition industry. It is predicted ...
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IntroductionCotton, as one of the most widely used products in various industries, has always been considered by leading countries in agriculture. The applications of this plant range from the food industry to the military industry, as well as the textile and animal nutrition industry. It is predicted that by 2025, the area under cotton cultivation in the world will reach more than 33 million hectares (FAO, 2017). Based on the growing population, it is necessary to use machines in industries and other sectors to accelerate production and increase efficiency. Cotton is no exception to this rule. The use of a machine can play an effective role in reducing harvest costs and decreasing losses from frost and early fall rainfall by enabling timely harvesting.Material and MethodsArmaghan cultivar is an early-maturing cotton cultivar with high yield potential and good compatibility, introduced for conventional and secondary crops in Golestan, North Khorasan, Ardabil, and the central regions of Iran. The early maturity of this cultivar provides the possibility of cotton cultivation after wheat harvest in different regions of Iran. It reduces pests and diseases through the escape mechanism and completes the growth period in delayed planting. In this research, two types of picker machines were compared. One of the harvesting machines used in this study is a two-row self-propelled spindle picker machine, and the other picking machine is a two-row tractor semi-mounted dentate picker. Before harvesting with a machine, it is necessary to use a defoliator. This allows for seed cotton harvest with less trash and more cleanliness. About ten to fifteen days after spraying the defoliator, the leafless plants are ready for machine harvesting. In this study, the number of leaves was counted before spraying and before harvest, and the percentage of defoliation in each treatment was calculated and evaluated. The harvesting efficiency of machines, machine losses, and fiber qualities for each harvester was measured.Results and DiscussionsThe results showed that the type of machine has a significant effect on plant residues and machine performance. However, the loss on the ground is not affected by the type of machine and remains almost the same for both machines. The mean comparisons revealed that the spindle harvesting machine leaves more than twice the amount of residues on the plant compared to the dentate harvesting machine. In terms of fiber quality, no significant difference was observed in any of the qualitative properties, and both machines perform at the same level.ConclusionThe results of this research on the functional characteristics of picker machines and the cultivar and field conditions demonstrate that a higher percentage of leaves on the plant yields better performance from dentate picker machines compared to spindle pickers. Spindle pickers are sensitive to leaves due to the teeth on their needles, causing reduced efficiency in such fields. In contrast, dentate picker machines work well and perform better under these conditions. Based on this study, the dentate harvesting machine is more suitable than the spindle picker machine for harvesting Armaghan cotton cultivars.
A. R. Taheri-Rad; A. Nikkhah; M. Khojastehpour; Sh. Nowrouzieh
Abstract
Introduction: Golestan province is one of Northern provinces in Iran. The area under cultivation of agricultural products in this province is 724.697 hectares, of which about 694.618 hectares are used for farm products (AJMDC, 2011). Cotton as one of oilseed is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production ...
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Introduction: Golestan province is one of Northern provinces in Iran. The area under cultivation of agricultural products in this province is 724.697 hectares, of which about 694.618 hectares are used for farm products (AJMDC, 2011). Cotton as one of oilseed is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production (Ahmad et al., 2011). In the study of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for cotton production in Alborz province, results showed that the total energy input was 31.237 MJ ha-1. Energy efficiency and energy productivity were 1.85 and 0.11, respectively, and greenhouse gas emissions of cotton production in Alborz province were 1195.25 kg CO2eq ha-1 (Pishgar-Komleh et al., 2012). Another study on energy analysis, greenhouse gas emissions and economic analysis of agricultural production was performed in Northern Iran (AghaAlikhani et al., 2013; Royan et al., 2012; Pishgar-Komleh et al., 2011; Mohammadi et al., 2010; Taheri-Garavand et al., 2010). The aims of this study were to determine the energy flow, greenhouse gas emissions and economic analysis of cotton production in the Golestan province and also to determine the effect of energy inputs on cotton yield.
Materials and methods: This research was conducted during 2011-2012 in three areas including Gorgan, Aq’qala and Gonbad in the Golestan province. The primary data were collected from the rice producers through a field survey with the help of a structured questionnaire. The number of subjects were studied by the Cochran formula (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980). Accordingly, 43 cotton producers were determined. In this study, eight energy inputs including seed, labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, chemicals, water for irrigation and farmyard manure for cotton production system were considered as independent variables. The outputs of the system including lint and seed were considered as dependent variable. Energy indices including energy efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were calculated. In this study, the effect of energy inputs on yield was estimated using the Cobb-Douglas function. In order to determine the sensitivity of energy inputs in the production of cotton in the Golestan province, the marginal physical productivity method was applied. Greenhouse gas emissions, inputs of agricultural machinery, fuel, chemical fertilizers, chemicals and farmyard manure in cotton production in the Golestan province were calculated by the coefficients of each of these inputs. For economic evaluation of cotton production in the Golestan province, the variable costs, fixed and total production per unit area were considered. Economic indices of total production value, gross income, net income, economic productivity and benefit to cost ratio were estimated. Data analysis was performed using JMP8 software.
Results and Discussion: Cotton yield in the Golestan province was about 2650 kg ha-1. Average cotton yield in the Alborz province was reported to be 3430 kg ha-1 (Pishgar-Komleh et al., 2012). In this study, diesel fuel had the highest energy consumer among other inputs like the other studies that have been done on energy crop production in Iran. Labor energy input with energy consumption of 2413 MJ ha-1, is known to be the fourth high-energy input in cotton production in the Golestan province. However, in many studies in Iran, this input was accounted to be less than one percent of the energy consumption in the production of agricultural products (Saeedi et al., 2013; Khoshnevisan et al., 2013; Mobtaker et al., 2012; Mobtaker et al., 2010). Chemical energy input with 1036 MJ ha-1, was allocated as 3.6% of energy consumption in the cotton production in the region. Seed energy input was the lowest energy among the other inputs in cotton production in the Golestan province. The results revealed that the total energy inputs for cotton production in the Golestan province was 28.898 MJ ha-1. The average energy efficiency for cotton production in the Golestan province was obtained to be 1.58. Energy productivity for cotton production in the Golestan province was calculated to be 0.092. From the results of Cobb-Douglas function to determine the relationship between energy input and yield of cotton in Golestan province, the effects of human labor, diesel fuel, water for irrigation, chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure inputs on the yield were positive, and the effects of agriculture machinery and chemicals inputs on cotton yield were negative. Greenhouse gas emission from diesel fuel input hadthe highest value of 646.23 kg CO2eq ha-1 with a 45.2 percent share. Farmyard manure with 23.5 percent of greenhouse emissions was identified as the second largest input in greenhouse gas emissions in cotton production. Variable costs, fixed and total cotton production in the Golestan province were calculated to be 3042429, 851880 and 3894309 Toman ha-1, respectively. Benefit to cost ratio for the cotton production in the Golestan province was calculated as 1.16.
Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the energy efficiency for cotton production in the Golestan province was less than the energy efficiency for cotton production in the Alborz province, Hatay province of Turkey, and canola, soybean and sunflower production in the Golestan province. Also, the energy efficiency of cotton production was less than that of cotton production in Antalya Turkey and canola in the Mazandaran province. The highest share of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions belonged to diesel fuel with the share of 45.6 and 45.2 percent, respectively. However, this input accounted for 2.7 percent of variable costs.
