A. Safrangian; L. Naderloo; H. Javadikia; M. Mostafaei; S. S. Mohtasebi
Abstract
Introduction Vibrations include a wide range of engineering sciences and discuss from different aspects. One of the aspects is related to various types of engines vibrations, which are often used as power sources in agriculture. The created vibrations can cause lack of comfort and reduce effective work ...
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Introduction Vibrations include a wide range of engineering sciences and discuss from different aspects. One of the aspects is related to various types of engines vibrations, which are often used as power sources in agriculture. The created vibrations can cause lack of comfort and reduce effective work and have bad influence on the health and safety. One of the important parameters of the diesel engine that has the ability to create vibration and knocking is the type of fuel. In this study, the effects of different blends of biodiesel, bioethanol and diesel on the engine vibration were investigated. As a result, a blend of fuels such as synthetic fuel that creates less vibration engine can be identified and introduced. Materials and Methods In this study, canola oil and methanol alcohol with purity of 99.99% and the molar ratio of 6:1 and sodium hydroxide catalyst with 1% by weight of oil were used for biodiesel production. Reactor configurations include: maintaining the temperature at 50 ° C, the reaction time of 5 minutes and the intensity of mixing (8000 rpm), and pump flow, 0.83 liters per minute. A Massey Ferguson (MF) 285 tractor with single differential (2WD), built in 2012 at Tractor factory of Iran was used for the experiment. To measure the engine vibration signals, an oscillator with model of VM120 British MONITRAN was used. Vibration signals were measured at three levels of engine speed (2000, 1600, 1000 rpm) in three directions (X, Y, Z). The analysis performed by two methods in this study: statistical data analysis and data analysis using Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Statistical analysis of data: a factorial experiment of 10×3 based on completely randomized design with three replications was used in each direction of X, Y and Z that conducted separately. Data were compiled and analyzed by SPSS 19 software. Ten levels of fuel were including of biodiesel (5, 15 and 25%) and bioethanol (2, 4 and 6%), and diesel fuel. Data analysis by ANFIS: ANFIS is the combination of fuzzy systems and artificial neural network so that it has both benefits. This system is useful to solve the complex non-linear problems in agricultural engineering applications such as systems involved in the soil, plant and air. ANFIS by linguistic concepts can establish and inference non-linear relationship between inputs and outputs. In this research, modeling was generally performed by Toolbox of ANFIS and coding in MATLAB too. Five important and effective factors in modeling were optimized until the best ANFIS model is obtained. The five factors were: type of input fuzzy sets, the number of input fuzzy sets, fuzzy set of output, methods of optimization and the number of epochs. Results and Discussion Based on the total vibration acceleration values for different fuels in different rpm, pure diesel (B5E4D91) had the highest vibration and the lowest vibration was seen in the mixed fuel of B25E4D71. Based on the results, two combined fuel of (B25E2D73, B25E4D71) have the lowest vibration and highest amount of biodiesel fuel (25%). After them, three combined fuels of (B5E2D83, B5E4D81, and B5E6D79) have created more vibration and the lowest amount of biodiesel fuel in this study (5%) has created the greatest amount of vibration. With increasing engine speed, the number of combustion courses and piston shock per unit of time increases. As a result, the engine body vibration increases. The results are consistent with results from other researchers. Conclusion In this study, motor vibration of MF285 tractors, by replacing a portion of diesel fuel with biodiesel produced from canola oil and bioethanol, was investigated. In the beginning, necessary biodiesel fuel was produced by research reactor in biodiesel workshop, and then different percentages of diesel and bio-ethanol were mixed to biodiesel and ten combined fuels were created. Finally the effect of different fuel combinations and different engine rotational speeds on the tractor engine vibrations was studied based on a factorial randomized complete block design and then analyzed and modeled by ANFIS. The results showed that the vibration of pure diesel fuel had the highest vibration. Also, with increasing biodiesel fuel blends, the amount of vibration reduced significantly. Increase in engine speed had direct effect on increasing the amount of vibration. Also by increasing the percent of bioethanol from 0 to 4%, the amount of vibration was reduced then vibration value increased by raising the percent of bioethanol. After modeling and analyzing, our results showed that the best fuel in terms of having the lowest vibration motor was B25E4D71.
H. Javadikia; Y. Nosrati; M. Mostafaei; L. Naderloo; M. Tabatabaei
Abstract
Introduction Biofuels are considered as one of the largest sources of renewable fuels or replacement of fossil fuels. Combustion of plant-based fuels is the indirect use of solar energy. Biofuels significantly have less pollution than other fossil fuels and can easily generate from residual plant material. ...
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Introduction Biofuels are considered as one of the largest sources of renewable fuels or replacement of fossil fuels. Combustion of plant-based fuels is the indirect use of solar energy. Biofuels significantly have less pollution than other fossil fuels and can easily generate from residual plant material. Waste and residues of foods and wastewater can also be a good source for biofuel production. Transesterification method (one of biodiesel production methods) is the most common forms to produce mono-alkyl esters from vegetable oil and animal fats. The procedure aims are reduction the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. In this study, the method of transesterification with alkaline catalysts is used that it is the most common and most commercial biodiesel production method. In this study, configurations of made hydrodynamic cavitation reactor were studied to measure biodiesel fuel quality and enhanced device performance with optimum condition. The Design Expert software and response surface methodology were used to get this purpose. Materials and Methods Transesterification method was used in this study. The procedure aims were reduction of the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. Materials needed in the production of biodiesel transesterification method include: vegetable oil, alcohol and catalysts. The used oil in the production of biodiesel was sunflower oil, which was used 0.6 liters per each test in the production process base on titration method. Methanol with purity of 99.8 percent and the molar ratio of 6:1 to oil was used based on titration equation and according to the results of other researchers. The used catalyst in continuous production process was high-purity sodium hydroxide (99%) that it is one of alkaline catalysts. Weight of hydroxide was 1% of the used oil weight in the reaction. Response surface methodology: Three important settings of reactor were considered to optimize reactor performance, which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. Each set was considered at three levels. The factorial design was used to the analysis without any repeat, there will be 27 situations that because of the cost of analysis per sample by GC, practically not possible to do it. Therefore, response surface methodology was used by Design Expert software. In the other words, after defining the number of variables and their boundaries, software determined the number of necessary tests and the value of the relevant variables. Results and Discussion Three parameters include the inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system were considered as input variables and performance of reactor as outcome in analyzing of extracted data from the reactor and GC by Design Expert software. The results of tests and optimization by software indicated that in 3.51 minutes as retention time of the raw material of biodiesel fuel in the system, the method of transesterification reaction had more than 88% Methyl ester and this represents an improvement in reaction time of biodiesel production. This method has very low retention time rather than biodiesel fuel production in conventional batch reactors that it takes 20 minutes to more than one hour. Conclusion According to the researches, efficiency of biodiesel fuel production in hydrodynamic cavitation reactors is higher than ultrasonic reactors so in this study, the settings of hydrodynamic reactor were investigated so that the settings were optimized in production of biodiesel fuel. Sunflower oil was used in this research. The molar ratio of Methanol to oil was 6 to 1 and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was used. Three important settings of reactor were considered which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. The results were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that at 8447 rpm of reactor speed, inlet flow of reactor at 0.86 liters per minute and 1.02 minute of circulation time, the best performance of reactor were created. The flash point, kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesel in this study were 172 °C, 2.4 square millimeters per second and 861 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Maximum and minimum performances of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor in biodiesel production were 6.19 and 1.13 mg kJ-1, respectively.
