The relationship between machine and soil
S. Manoj Kumar; R. Karthikeyan; K. Thirukumaran; A. Senthil; P. Dhananchezhiyan
Abstract
The traditional method of transplanting rice seedlings is labor-intensive, prompting a shift towards direct seeding of rice as an alternative crop establishment method. Direct seeding offers several advantages, including reduced labor requirements, timely sowing, and water conservation. Innovations in ...
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The traditional method of transplanting rice seedlings is labor-intensive, prompting a shift towards direct seeding of rice as an alternative crop establishment method. Direct seeding offers several advantages, including reduced labor requirements, timely sowing, and water conservation. Innovations in machinery have significantly enhanced the efficiency of direct-seeded rice cultivation, spanning advancements from land preparation to harvest. Techniques such as no-till methods and laser leveling promote efficient resource utilization and water conservation while minimizing soil disturbance. Specialized seeders and precision seed meters ensure accurate seed placement and uniform germination. Power-operated seeders and hand-held rotary dibblers further improve sowing efficiency. Modern irrigation systems, including drip irrigation, alternate wetting and drying, and automated soil moisture sensing, optimize water productivity. Weed management has advanced with mechanical, solar-powered, and autonomous weeding technologies. Additionally, crop mapping, variable rate technology, and unmanned aerial vehicles enable precise and site-specific weed control. Overall, modern machinery has transformed direct-seeded rice cultivation, resulting in increased input use efficiency, reduced labor demands, higher crop yields, and improved sustainability. Continued innovation offers significant potential for optimizing plant establishment, minimizing post-harvest losses, enhancing profitability, and conserving natural resources. This review article examines these advancements and their implications for the future of direct-seeded rice cultivation.
Modeling
H. Soltanali; M. Khojastehpour
Abstract
Introduction: With the emergence of new automation and mechanized technologies in the production and processing of agricultural products in Iran, which aim to accelerate the food supply process, adopting appropriate management models in the field of maintenance becomes inevitable. This is crucial to ...
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Introduction: With the emergence of new automation and mechanized technologies in the production and processing of agricultural products in Iran, which aim to accelerate the food supply process, adopting appropriate management models in the field of maintenance becomes inevitable. This is crucial to maintain and enhance the operational reliability of agricultural machinery, tools, and equipment. Furthermore, proper management of various physical assets in the agricultural industry, including operation and maintenance, is one of the most important requirements. This is due to their crucial role in ensuring readiness and high availability during the seasons of planting, cultivating, and harvesting agricultural products. These needs differ from that of other continuous production processes. Materials and Methods: To achieve an efficient model in the field of maintenance, the following steps have been investigated:a) Reviewing and identifying the most important criteria and sub-criteria driving the maintenance management. This is based on the previous literature and the experts’ opinion.b) Evaluating and prioritizing the main criteria and the interactions between their sub-criteria using the Best-Worst Method (BWM).c) Providing improved solutions for maintenance management of Iranian agro-industries.We decided to employ BWM because, compared to similar methods, it (i) provides more reliable pairwise comparisons, (ii) reduces the possible anchoring bias that may occur during the weighting process by respondents, (iii) is the most data-efficient method, and (iv) provides multiple optimal solutions which increase flexibility when accessing the best weight point. The process of weighting by BWM is summarized in five steps:1) Determine a set of evaluation criteria identified by the experts or decision-makers.2) Identify the most important (Best) and the least important (Worst) criteria according to the experts or decision-makers, each of which may have their own Best and Worst.3) Determine the preference of the Best criterion over all the other criteria using a number from 1 to 9 (where 1 represents equal importance and 9 represents extremely more important).4) Determine the preference of all the decision criteria over the Worst criterion.5) Compute optimal weights. Results and Discussion: According to the preliminary surveys, the most important criteria in the excellence maintenance model were identified as “organizational management”, “human-related factors”, and “organizational aspects”, respectively. The results of the BWM revealed that sub-criteria such as "top management support," "fund allocation and inventory resource management," and "appropriate maintenance strategies" had the greatest impact on maintenance management in agro-industries, with global weights of 0.108, 0.075, and 0.067, respectively. Additionally, these findings were compared to previous research conducted in the field of agricultural and production system maintenance models. Conclusion: The findings of this study could assist managers in revising and developing maintenance management models in the agro-industries. Future studies could consider calculating the interactions among the criteria that were omitted in this study to simplify the evaluation process which might improve the accuracy of weighing criteria. This can be achieved through the combination of the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and structural equation modeling.
Design and Construction
P. Ghiasi; M. Salatin; R. Soon; S. M. Mir Esmaeili; K. Pirvandi; Gh. Najafi
Abstract
IntroductionThe world today is facing the issue of population growth, which will result in food shortages. One way to supply food to this growing population is to facilitate the production of agricultural products to meet the growing demand. Medicinal plants are an important product of the agricultural ...
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IntroductionThe world today is facing the issue of population growth, which will result in food shortages. One way to supply food to this growing population is to facilitate the production of agricultural products to meet the growing demand. Medicinal plants are an important product of the agricultural sector. In Iran, manual harvesting reduces the productivity of these crops, and the use of manual harvesting poses challenges related to available manpower. The costs and time required for manual harvesting are additional obstacles. Given the importance of developing medicinal plants, designing and constructing a mechanized machine for harvesting them could improve the harvesting process.Material and MethodsIn designing the machine for harvesting medicinal plants in cultivation rows, different scenarios were examined regarding the position of the machine relative to the tractor. The advantages and disadvantages of each scenario were listed separately, and finally, the continuous placement of tractors, harvesters, and trailers was defined. One of the goals of designing this machine is to perform harvesting operations for two row spacing’s - 80 and 160 cm. To achieve this goal, mechanisms were added to the machine that allow for changing the position of the harvesting head, as well as the cutting height. Moreover, due to the sensitivity of the harvested product to soil contact, the plants should be transferred immediately after cutting. Therefore, a transfer mechanism was designed and built to move the cut products to the trailer. Independent variables, including forward speed at two levels, type of reel in two types, and cutting blade in two types, were considered. Dependent variables also included harvesting efficiency, percentage of damaged plants, and harvesting capacity.Results and DiscussionThe results of variance analysis for different treatments show that the forward speed, type of reel, and cutting blade type have an effect on harvest efficiency. The difference in harvest efficiency is significant at a 1% probability level. A star cutting blade provides higher efficiency than a 40-teeth cutting blade. The rubber reel prevents plants from falling to the ground by creating a closed space in front of the blade. However, the inner parts of the rods reel are empty, and the plant can fall to the ground. Additionally, the plant may get wrapped around the rods, causing a decrease in harvesting efficiency. Another essential parameter when identifying and evaluating a harvesting machine is crop damage. Some plants get crushed and torn due to the impact on metal components. This situation reduces the quality of the harvested product, leading to a decline in the final product's price. The star-cutting blade causes more leaf rupture. In contrast, the teeth in the 40-teeth blade are continuous, making it unlikely for the leaf to get caught between the two teeth. However, with the star blade, the distance between the two blades is large, allowing the plant to get stuck in between and re-cut.ConclusionBased on tests conducted for eight different positions of the harvester, it was observed that the G test outperformed the other tests with 85.88% harvesting efficiency, a capacity of 344.8 kg h-1, and only 1.34% peppermint leaf damage. Therefore, for harvesting similar peppermint products, we recommend using a combination of a star blade, rubber carousel, and a forward speed of 1.2 meters per second. However, new tests should be conducted on other products like lavender and those with strong stems.
