Analysis of Energy of Diesel Engine using Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Mixtures Containing Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• M. Eshaghi Pireh
• M. Gholami Par-Shokohi
• D. Mohammad Zamani

Department of Biosystems Engineering, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/jam.2021.67098.0

Abstract

Introduction
Biodiesel is an eco-friendly renewable alternate fuel and is made from transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fat. The use of biodiesel fuel as a strategy to conserve energy and reduce emissions is becoming increasingly important in engines. Biodiesel fuels increase NOx emissions in the engines. Compensate for the negative effect, the use of particles additive can be a reliable solution. In this study, the state of heat balance in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with different fuel combinations with DXBYGZ formula (X % diesel fuel, Y % biodiesel mass, and Z ppm graphene oxide nanoparticles), has been studied experimentally.
Materials and Methods
Graphene nanoparticles in three levels of 30, 60, and 90 ppm were mixed with biodiesel produced from cooking waste oil by transesterification method with volume percentages of 5 and 20% and pure diesel was used. The test engine was a diesel engine, single-cylinder, four-stroke, compression ignition, and water cooling, in the laboratory of renewable energies of agricultural faculty, Moghadas Ardabili University. The engine is connected to a dynamometer and data were obtained after reaching steady state conditions. In thermal balance study, the combustion process merely as a process intended to free up energy fuel, and the first law of thermodynamics is used. The energy contained in the fuel is converted to useful and losses energies by combustion. Useful energy measured by dynamometer as brake power and losses energy including exhaust emission and cooling system losses. Variance analysis of all engine energy balance was done by split-plot design based on a completely randomized design and the means were compared with each other using the Duncan test at 5% probability.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that by adding 60 ppm of graphene oxide and 20% biodiesel to diesel fuel, the useful output power is reduced to a minimum and is reduced by about 5.52%. The results of the model evaluation of useful power, exhaust emissions, and thermal losses in the cooling system showed that the exponential model had a better fit. By adding biodiesel and graphene oxide nanoparticles to diesel fuel, the useful power was reduced. In order to achieve the maximum useful output power and with the priority of adding biodiesel to a high amount, the fuel composition of D80B20G90 had relatively better conditions. By adding 30 ppm of graphene to pure diesel fuel, the equivalent power of exhaust fumes was reduced to a minimum of about 18.5%. In general, heat loss through the cooling system in pure diesel fuel (D100) was lower than other fuel compounds. Pure diesel fuel was recognized as the best fuel mixture due to having the highest useful power, and lowest energy losses in the form of exhaust fumes and through cooling.
Conclusion
By adding graphene oxide to pure diesel fuel, the useful output power was reduced to a minimum. With the increase of biodiesel to diesel fuel, the amount of power of the cooling system also increased. By adding graphene oxide to pure diesel fuel, the equivalent power of the exhaust fumes was reduced. Heat loss through the cooling system increased with the increase of nano-graphene and biodiesel.

Keywords

• Biodiesel
• Energy
• Graphene oxide
• Modeling
• Nanoparticles

20.1001.1.22286829.1401.12.3.5.9

Main Subjects

• Bioenergy

Open Access

©2021 The author(s). This article is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Abbasi, S., H. Bahrami, B. Ghobadian, and M. Kiani Deh Kiani. 2018. Energy analysis of a diesel engine using diesel and biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Journal of Agricultural Machinery 8 (1): 149-157. (In Persian). DOI: http://doi.org/10.22067/jam.v8i1.58988.
2. Abedin, M. J., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, A. Sanjid, and S. M. A. Rahman. 2015. Thermal balancing of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating on diesel, B5 and palm biodiesel blends. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3: 115-118. DOI: 7763/JOCET.2015.V3.178.
3. Chen, A. F., M. A. Adzmi, A. Adam, M. F.Othman, M. K. Kamaruzzaman, and A. G. Mrwan. 2018. Combustion characteristics, engine performances and emissions of a diesel engine using nanoparticle-diesel fuel blends with aluminium oxide, carbon nanotubes and silicon oxide. Energy Conversion and Management 171: 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.004.
4. Bavafa, M. 2014. Biodiesel production of fowl fatness oil and evaluation of diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on performance and exhaust emissions parameters in a diesel engine. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian).
5. Gharehghani, A. 2020. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Nano-particle Concentrations on the First and Second Laws efficiency in CIengine fueled with Diesel/Biodiesel blend. Modares Mechanical Engineering 20 (8): 2009-2016. 1001.1.10275940.1399.20.8.17.2.
6. Gharehghani, A., R. Hosseini, M. Mirsalim, S. A. Jazayeri, and T. Yusaf. 2015. An experimental study on reactivity controlled compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel/natural gas. Energy 89: 558‐ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.014.
7. Hosseini, S. H., A. Taghizadeh-Alisaraei, B. Ghobadian, and A. Abbaszadeh-Mayvan. 2017. Effect of Added Alumina as Nano-Catalyst to Diesel-Biodiesel Blends on Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine. Energy 124: 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.109.
8. Jabraeili, M., R. Pourdarbani, B. Najafi, and A. Nematlahzadeh. 2020. Investigation of the impact of SiO₂_Al₂O₃ nano-composite to biodiesel-diesel fuel on performance and emission of a diesel engine. Fuel and Combustion 13 (2): 25-39. (In Persian).
9. Khalife, E., M. Tabatabaei, A. Demirbas, and M. Aghbashlo. 2017. Impacts of additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines during steady‐state operation. Progress Energy and Combustion Science 59: 32‐ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.10.001.
10. Mrad, N., E. G. Varuvel, M. Tazerout, and F. Aloui. 2012. Effects of biofuel from fish oil industrial residue- Diesel blends in diesel engine. Energy 44: 955-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.056.
11. Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, M. J. Kao, C. C. Ting, B. F. Lin, and T. T. Tsung. 2008. Aqueous aluminum nano fluid combustion in diesel fuel. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 36 (2): 503-512. DOI: 1520/JTE100579.
12. Özcan, H., and M. Söylemez. 2006. Thermal balance of a LPG fuelled, four stroke SI engine with water addition. Energy Conversion and Management 47: 570-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.05.019.
13. Prabu, A., and R. B. Anand. 2015. Emission control strategy by adding alumina and cerium oxide nano particle in biodiesel. Journal of the Energy Institute 89 (3): 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2015.03.003.
14. Rostami, S., B. Ghobadian, L. Savadkouhi, and R. Ebrahimi. 2010. Experimental investigation effect of injection pressure on performance in a diesel engine using diesel and biodiesel blends. Journal of Engine Research 6: 73-82. (In Persian).
15. Said, N. H., F. N. Ani, and M. F. M. Said. 2015. Review of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using solid catalyst. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 8: 1302-1311. DOI: 15282/jmes.8.2015.5.0127.
16. Taymaz, I. 2003. An experimental study of energy balance in low heat rejection diesel engine. Energy 31: 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.02.004.
17. Vellaiyan, S., and K. S. Amirthagadeswaran. 2016. Zinc oxide incorporated water‐in‐diesel emulsion fuel: Formulation, particle size measurement, and emission characteristics assessment. Petroleum Science Technology 34 (2): 114‐ https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2015.1122621.
18. Yuksel, F., and M. A. Ceviz. 2002. Thermal balance of a four stroke SI engine operating on hydrogen as a supplementary fuel. Energy 28: 1069-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00090-2.