Modeling
M. Rafiei; F. Khoshnam; M. Namjoo
Abstract
In the current study, the modeling and optimization of various seedling growth and germination indices for parsley seeds were investigated. A lab-scale quadrupole magnetic field was developed, and experiments were conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. The factors ...
Read More
In the current study, the modeling and optimization of various seedling growth and germination indices for parsley seeds were investigated. A lab-scale quadrupole magnetic field was developed, and experiments were conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. The factors considered were magnetic field intensity (150, 300, and 450 mT), exposure time (30, 60, and 90 minutes), and culture time (0, 7, and 14 days after applying the magnetic field). The results revealed that the magnetic field significantly affected shoot length, fresh root weight, and fresh shoot weight, while exposure time significantly impacted root length. Sowing day also significantly influenced root length and fresh root weight, along with other factors. Immediate sowings after magnetic field application enhanced root length, while sowing 14 days following the exposure increased shoot length, fresh root weight, and fresh shoot weight. A 30-minute exposure to magnetic field intensities of 150 to 300 mT did not significantly affect seedling growth parameters. However, higher field strengths of 450 mT for 60 to 90 minutes proved beneficial, leading to enhanced shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, germination rate, germination percentage, and reduced mean germination time. The analysis and optimization using Response Surface Methodology revealed that the optimal magnetization condition, with a desirability of 0.682, was achieved at a magnetic field of 450 mT, an exposure time of 60 minutes, and sown 14 days post-exposure. Higher magnetic fields appeared to enhance field durability and significantly impact seedling growth indices.
F. Khoshnam; M. Namjoo
Abstract
A robust numerical analysis was proposed for simulating the rebound velocity pendulum method for melon. For considered varieties (Zard-Eyvanekey and Sousky-Sabz varieties), the change in impact parameters (extracted from excitation by pendulum) was studied for five stages of ripening. With the melon ...
Read More
A robust numerical analysis was proposed for simulating the rebound velocity pendulum method for melon. For considered varieties (Zard-Eyvanekey and Sousky-Sabz varieties), the change in impact parameters (extracted from excitation by pendulum) was studied for five stages of ripening. With the melon ripeness, the rebound velocity, rebound height, relative rebound height, rebound angle, rebound energy and coefficient of restitution (velocity ratio) increased, while the absorbed energy decreased (from 37.6 to 27.9 MJ for Zard-Eyvanekey and from 38.5 to 27.9 MJ for Sousky-Sabz). The regression analysis showed a highly significant linear relationship (coefficient of determination, R² more than 0.8059) between impact parameters and five stages of ripening. So the results of the analysis are feasible in ripening detection and hence in the classification of the melon maturity.
F. Khoshnam; S. R. Hassan Beigi Bidgoli; M. Namjoo; M. Doroozi
Abstract
Introduction Cucumis melo includes a wide range of varieties. The acoustic is production, transmission and energy received form medium vibrations. Acoustic or sonic tests applies for grading productions, ripening determination of fruit firmness and sorting of broken eggs and so on in agriculture. Currently ...
Read More
Introduction Cucumis melo includes a wide range of varieties. The acoustic is production, transmission and energy received form medium vibrations. Acoustic or sonic tests applies for grading productions, ripening determination of fruit firmness and sorting of broken eggs and so on in agriculture. Currently these methods are generalized for measuring non-spherical fruits properties. The primary objective of the present research was to investigate the effect of acoustic system variables such as impact places, impactor material type, pendulum angle and sound level meter position on acoustics response of two different melon varieties, including Zard-Eyvanekey and Sousky-Sabz. These results can be useful for designing acoustic implements related to agricultural products. Materials and Methods This research was conducted on 65 samples of Zard-Eyvanekey and Sousky-Sabz varieties (export varieties). A laboratory recording system used to acquire the acoustic impulse information that was comprised a mechanical excitement mechanism (an impactor such as pendulum), sound level meter, a lap-top computer and software to control the experimental setup and to analyze its results (Cool Edit Pro 2.0 Software), and melon-bed. The impactor consists of diameter and long copper rod 3 mm and 256 mm, respectively. The ball mass was 72.13 gram. The acoustic signal was sensed by a sound level meter (SLM) type 2270 B&K company Denmark. The samples locate on soft cushion for keeping because this bed prevents vibration distortion and causes free vibration. We consider three measurements on equator or mid-section of each fruit (approximately 120 degree) for diminishing inherent diversity of sample shapes. The sound level meter was placed at a distance of 2-5 mm from the fruit surface. The effects of sound level meter, impactor ball and pendulum angle on sound signals were investigated. The effects of other parameters were analyzed by factorial test in randomized complete plot by three replications for each sample. The treatments were 36 and 65 melons of each variety were selected. Results and Discussion The average samples peaks were 10576 and 28663 at 90 and 180 degrees respect to impact place, respectively. Other factors such as impactor ball type (steel), impact angle (70 degrees) and variety type (Zard-Eyvanekey) were constant. The resonance frequency was 123.05 Hz for both SLM position. The averages of peak sound pressure level were 55.29 and 52.38 dB at 90 and 180 degrees positions, respectively. It concluded that the change of sound pressure meter (SLM) position of 90 to 180 degree caused to increase sound pressure level but had no effect on reach the time to peak and resonance frequency. The effect of impactor ball material and impact angle of pendulum on recording signals approximately resemble up and did not state here. The factor levels were sound level meter position respect to impact place (two levels), impactor ball material (three levels) and impact angle of pendulum (three levels). We found that effect of sound level meter position; ball material and impact angle variables on sound pressure level values and interaction effect of sound level meter impact angle on FFT magnitude was significant at 1% level in both varieties. None of the variables and interactions has effect on the resonance frequency in both varieties. It can be concluded from tables that resonance frequency was more suitable than sound pressure level and FFT magnitude in acoustic tests. The increment of angle caused to increase impact velocity because the length and mass of pendulum rod were constant. We can state the above conclusion about impact velocity (excitement velocity) too, e.g. the impact velocity (excitement velocity) had no effect on resonance frequency while it effected on sound pressure level and FFT magnitude. This conclusion coincides to others researchers. Conclusion The impactor ball, pendulum angle, sound level meter position and variety type factors did not showve significant effect on resonance frequency but they had significant effect on FFT magnitude and sound pressure meter. Because of the high pressure level and measurement easily, it was recommended the position 90 degrees of microphone respect to impact place for acoustics measurements. The maximum sound pressure levels were 54.43, 54.81 and 55.11dB for glass, steel and plastic, respectively. Other factors such as SLM position (180 degrees respect to impact), impact angle (70 degrees) and variety type (Zard-Eyvanekey) were constant. Because of receiving high pressure level from impact angle of 70 degrees respect to 20 and 45 degrees, it was recommended for acoustics measurements. It can be used the lower angles by considering the low background sound.
