Y. Niknam; D. Mohammad Zamani; M. Gholami Par-Shokohi
Abstract
This study presents the effects of compressed natural gas fuel on a four-cylinder compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas as the main fuel and diesel fuel as the igniter were used to investigate performance and emissions from the dual fuel engine. According to the engine speed and load, the ...
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This study presents the effects of compressed natural gas fuel on a four-cylinder compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas as the main fuel and diesel fuel as the igniter were used to investigate performance and emissions from the dual fuel engine. According to the engine speed and load, the amount of diesel fuel as igniter was adjusted using mechanical changes in the governor, while no ignition system was used. The engine experimental tests were performed at engine speeds of 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 rpm, using diesel fuel and dual fuel. These data were collected in the Engine Research Center of Tabriz Motorsazan Company and experimental runs were repeated three times. The maximum torque of the engine in diesel mode was 360 N m at 1400 rpm. Compared to the diesel mode, the dual fuel mode showed the maximum torque by 334 N m at 1600 rpm, which is about 26 N m less than that gained from the diesel mode. Considering emissions analysis at 2000 rpm, it is seen that the amount of NOX, HC, CO2 and CO emissions in the dual fuel mode was 20, 53, 16 and 86% more than diesel mode, respectively. However, O2 and soot showed the highest reduction at 2000 rpm for dual fuel mode by 51% and 69% respectively. This study indicated that there was a considerable enhancement in exhausted emissions when the injection of the diesel fuel as igniter was done mechanically. In this regard, control the amount and time of the igniter injection could likely be helped for better control of emissions. Therefore, further research on the modification of the diesel injection system as igniter or CNG injection system is needed towards reducing emissions.
Bioenergy
M. Eshaghi Pireh; M. Gholami Par-Shokohi; D. Mohammad Zamani
Abstract
IntroductionBiodiesel is an eco-friendly renewable alternate fuel and is made from transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fat. The use of biodiesel fuel as a strategy to conserve energy and reduce emissions is becoming increasingly important in engines. Biodiesel fuels increase NOx emissions ...
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IntroductionBiodiesel is an eco-friendly renewable alternate fuel and is made from transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fat. The use of biodiesel fuel as a strategy to conserve energy and reduce emissions is becoming increasingly important in engines. Biodiesel fuels increase NOx emissions in the engines. Compensate for the negative effect, the use of particles additive can be a reliable solution. In this study, the state of heat balance in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with different fuel combinations with DXBYGZ formula (X % diesel fuel, Y % biodiesel mass, and Z ppm graphene oxide nanoparticles), has been studied experimentally.Materials and MethodsGraphene nanoparticles in three levels of 30, 60, and 90 ppm were mixed with biodiesel produced from cooking waste oil by transesterification method with volume percentages of 5 and 20% and pure diesel was used. The test engine was a diesel engine, single-cylinder, four-stroke, compression ignition, and water cooling, in the laboratory of renewable energies of agricultural faculty, Moghadas Ardabili University. The engine is connected to a dynamometer and data were obtained after reaching steady state conditions. In thermal balance study, the combustion process merely as a process intended to free up energy fuel, and the first law of thermodynamics is used. The energy contained in the fuel is converted to useful and losses energies by combustion. Useful energy measured by dynamometer as brake power and losses energy including exhaust emission and cooling system losses. Variance analysis of all engine energy balance was done by split-plot design based on a completely randomized design and the means were compared with each other using the Duncan test at 5% probability.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that by adding 60 ppm of graphene oxide and 20% biodiesel to diesel fuel, the useful output power is reduced to a minimum and is reduced by about 5.52%. The results of the model evaluation of useful power, exhaust emissions, and thermal losses in the cooling system showed that the exponential model had a better fit. By adding biodiesel and graphene oxide nanoparticles to diesel fuel, the useful power was reduced. In order to achieve the maximum useful output power and with the priority of adding biodiesel to a high amount, the fuel composition of D80B20G90 had relatively better conditions. By adding 30 ppm of graphene to pure diesel fuel, the equivalent power of exhaust fumes was reduced to a minimum of about 18.5%. In general, heat loss through the cooling system in pure diesel fuel (D100) was lower than other fuel compounds. Pure diesel fuel was recognized as the best fuel mixture due to having the highest useful power, and lowest energy losses in the form of exhaust fumes and through cooling.ConclusionBy adding graphene oxide to pure diesel fuel, the useful output power was reduced to a minimum. With the increase of biodiesel to diesel fuel, the amount of power of the cooling system also increased. By adding graphene oxide to pure diesel fuel, the equivalent power of the exhaust fumes was reduced. Heat loss through the cooling system increased with the increase of nano-graphene and biodiesel.
M. Sabati Gavgani; D. Mohammad Zamani; M. Gholami Par-Shokohi
Abstract
The agricultural sector is in need of a rapid transition from traditional and livelihoods to the stage of advanced production and commercialization, in order to provide food security for the community and to play an effective role in strengthening national independence. Mechanization is an approach that ...
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The agricultural sector is in need of a rapid transition from traditional and livelihoods to the stage of advanced production and commercialization, in order to provide food security for the community and to play an effective role in strengthening national independence. Mechanization is an approach that allows the agricultural sector to achieve the stage of commercial production. Without mechanization, there is no clear vision of a dynamic and sustainable agriculture that can rectify the food needs sensibly. The development of mechanization in agricultural societies, especially in the rural areas, has been accompanied by problems that the identification of the factors affecting it can help plan to eliminate them. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the fragmentation of land on the development of agricultural mechanization in the rural districts has been investigated. The research type is applied and descriptive-analytic, survey method has been used and information has been collected through a questionnaire from 420 users in Jiroft city. The data were analyzed using a hierarchical analytical process technique using Expert Choice11 software. The research findings show that the family-social factor in the city of Jiroft was the main deterrent to the lack of development of mechanization and the cultural-communication, educational-technical, lawful-legal, and economic-financial factors were placed in the next priorities. It is proposed to implement the development of mechanization, the modernization of modern technology, education and promotion, building trust, credit and financial facilities for the modernization of agricultural implements.
S. Abbasi; A. Shokri; M. Gholami Par-Shokohi; S. M. Seyedan; A. Jafari
Abstract
IntroductionConsidering the high consumption of diesel fuel in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to find solutions to reduce its consumption, and it will be feasible to have a convenient mathematical model more easily and transparently.Fuel and lubrication costs range from at least 16% to more ...
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IntroductionConsidering the high consumption of diesel fuel in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to find solutions to reduce its consumption, and it will be feasible to have a convenient mathematical model more easily and transparently.Fuel and lubrication costs range from at least 16% to more than 45% of total machine costs, depending on the type of fuel and the amount of time that the tractor or the machine carries out for agricultural operations. Therefore, the fuel consumption index has a significant role in the selection and management of tractors and agricultural equipment. Most budgeting models also use a simple method to estimate the consumption of diesel fuel, but it is needed a model that describes the real conditions of agronomic operations used to compare agricultural machinery management policies. Materials and MethodsThis case study was conducted in Parsabad city of Moghan, the northernmost province of Ardabil province. The main agricultural products in Pars-Abad Moghan include wheat, maize, maize, canola and sugar beet. The product of this study was irrigated wheat with a crop area of 18042 hectares.In this study, in order to create homogeneous conditions in the study of diesel fuel consumption and the ineffectiveness of the type and model of tractor in it, only diesel fuel consumption was considered by the tractor MF-399. Selection of sample farmers was also carried out among owners of this type of tractor. Selection of owners of tractor MF-399 in Pars-Abad Moghan city was done by random sampling method. For this purpose, Cochran formula was used. Two-way flexible and non-flexible models have been used to predict the diesel fuel consumption. The model used includes the Cobb-Douglas function and transcendental function. Statistical calculations in this study were performed using Excel software and SPSS16 software. Results and DiscussionFor comparing the best form of the fuel function, the test formulas for the comparison of the form of functions such as bounded least squared F, LR test, White test, Breusch-Godfrey test and Rigorous test were used. Diagnostic statisticians (well-fitting coefficient), the normal distribution of distorted sentences, and the heterogeneity of variance showed that both forms were acceptable. Based on the LR statistic, zero statistics did not rule out the discrepancy between the two coherent models (Cobb-Douglas) and non-dominant (transcendent), but the coherent model was preferable to be the transcendental model because of its simplicity and power of explanation. According to the estimated model, the duration of soil tillage operations had a positive stretch in diesel fuel consumption and, among other variables, had the highest elongation. It should be noted that the average time required for tillage operations was 387.6 min ha-1, which will save 0.31 L ha-1, if one percent of this time (3.9 minutes) is reduced. Thus, the value of the amount of gasoline saved will be about 990 Rials per hectare and equal to 7.7 percent of the value of one kilogram of wheat. Therefore, if the operating time is reduced at the macro level of the country, a significant amount of cost will be saved. Therefore, it is imperative that farm managers take time management in serious soil tillage operations and try to reduce this time. So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the tillage, a fuel consumption of 0.6% would be increased. It is also clear that an increase of 0.6% in fuel consumption for tillage operations is significant, indicating the fact that farm managers have made the need for time management, especially in the tillage operations, to reduce this time. According to the estimated model, the duration of the planting operation also had a positive stretch in the consumption of diesel fuel. So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the planting operation, a fuel consumption of 0.04% would be increased. ConclusionUse of the Cobb-Douglas model with five sentences and four independent variables including cropping area, soil tillage operation time, planting time and weeding operation time in order to predict the amount of diesel fuel used to produce wheat, had acceptable results and as a predictive model with low complexity but with high precision, can be easily used in annual budgeting for the production of wheat.
D. Mohammad Zamani; A. Taghavi; M. Gholami Par-Shokohi; J. Massah
Abstract
In this paper the design, implementation, and evaluation of an experimental-scale potato yield monitoring system is presented. The main objective of this research was to develop a method for accurate mapping of potato yield. At the first stage an instantaneous yield monitoring system was mounted on a ...
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In this paper the design, implementation, and evaluation of an experimental-scale potato yield monitoring system is presented. The main objective of this research was to develop a method for accurate mapping of potato yield. At the first stage an instantaneous yield monitoring system was mounted on a potato harvesting machine. This system consisted of a weighing tray, two load cells, a shaft rpm encoder, a PLC controller and a mobile computer. The PLC controller, which was able to communicate with the mobile computing unit through the control applications developed in Visual Basic and Win-Proladder, was capable of encoding the load cells and other sensors and making decisions by analyzing the obtained records. Laboratory tests were conducted on a potato harvesting machine to evaluate the performance of the system. The independent variables were: forward speed, tray angle, and the thickness of shock absorber plate. To analyze and compare the results of the laboratory data, Duncan's test with confidence level of 95% was used. In order to investigate the interactions of various factors the factorial experiment with completely randomized design was used. In examining the interactions of tray angle, forward speed and performance-related shock absorber on the system performance, the highest performance (with 2.81% error) only was found to be at the tray angel of 37 degrees, forward speed of 2 km h-1 and without shock absorber.
